Task 10 - Distribution

Definition - The process of making a movie available for viewing by an audience.

What is film distribution? 
Film distribution is the process of making a movie available for viewing by an audience. This is done by a distributor showing the film to potential cinemas and seeing if they are willing to show it on their screens. Distribution is key.

What is the distributors role?
A professional who would determine the marketing strategy for the film.

Whats a distribution plan?
A distribution plan is the distributor knowing exactly how to market the film to the targeted audience.

Whats a P+A budget?
A P+A budget is the prints and advertising budgets for a film.

What is the average distribution cost for a big six film?
The average cost is around $50 million

What does the distribution budget include?
The distribution budget includes: advertisements, billboards, press events, premieres, commercials

What is a simultaneous release?
Simultaneous release is when a company decide to for example release their film the same time as the DVD.

What are some main distribution companies?

• 20th Century Fox Film
• Columbia Pictures
• Artificial Eye
• Cinema International Corporation

The link between audiences and distribution?
Distribution have to concentrate or interesting the target audience or no-one will be interested in the film and go and watch it in the cinemas. Audience is very important to distributors.

Why is the release date crucial?
The release date is crucial because if for example you are releasing a children's film targeted for 4-10 year olds and the release date for your film is when children will all be at school they will not be able to come and see the film. Whereas if the release date for a children's film is during school holidays, more children will be able to come and see the film.

What is self distribution?
 Self distribution is when a person will distribute their film on their own by for example advertising for free online.

Regional Identity essay

Task 9

1. Mainstream - The ideas, attitudes, or activities that are shared by most people and regarded as normal or conventional.

2. Independent - An independent film is a film production resulting in a feature film that is produced mostly or completely outside of the major film studio system, in addition to being produced and distributed by independent entertainment agencies.

3. Production - The action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.

4. Distribution - The action of sharing something out among a number of recipients.

5. Marketing - The action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising.

6. Exchange - An act of giving one thing and receiving another.

7.  Multinational Conglomerate - A conglomerate is a combination of two or more corporations engaged in entirely different businesses that fall under one corporate group, usually involving a parent company and many subsidiaries. Often a conglomerate is a multi-industry company.

8. Monopoly - The exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.

9. Oligopoly - A state of limited competition, in which a market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers.

10. The Big Six:

• Sony
• Warner Bros
• 20th Century Fox
• Paramount
• Disney
• Universal

11. Horizontal Integration - Is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain.

12. Vertical Integration - The combination in one firm of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate firms.

13. Synergy - The interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.

14. Merchandising - Branded products used to promote a film, pop group etc.

15. Ultra Violet -Ultra Violet is a cloud-based digital rights locker for movies and television shows that allows consumers to store proofs-of purchase.

16. Above the line - Advertising in the mass media

17. Below the line - Advertising by means such as direct mail, email, promotional events etc.

18. Technological Convergence - Is the tendency that as technology changes, different technological systems sometimes evolve towards performing similar tasks.

19. Consumption - The consumption of entertainment includes buying things such as food, drink, tickets, dvds etc.

20. Exhibition - How a film is shown to the public.

21. Piracy - The unauthorised use of reproduction of another's work.

22. Hollywood Franchchise 4S model - synergy, spectacle, sexualisation, story

23. Tie-In - When one company helps another.

Task 8 - Technology

Distribution - 

• Marketing through social media - For example: The Hunger Games = Twitter, Captain America= Instagram 
• Trailers shared on YouTube 
• Phone apps, online posters
• Websites - For example: Jurassic World
• Online competitions 

Production - 

• Camera = high quality, highly advanced - For example: The Hobbit used 48fps camera
• Green screen - used for special effect
• CGI - For example: Dawn of the planet of the ape
• Red one digits camera
• Example: Star Wars used a 4k camera
• Films made on phone- For example: Tangerine
• Very expensive 
• Could break down or have problems
• Could lose footage 

Exchange -

• Streaming on phones, tablets and computers
• Streaming sites- For example: Netflix and Amazon prime
• Monitors on planes 
• Download servers that have the movie stored 

Exhibition - 

• Digital projectors in cinemas 
• Requires less training than physical factors 
• 4K monitors for home cinemas 
• 3D & 4D cinemas 

Cons - 

• Reduce industrial jobs 
• Reduce energy due to free advertising 
• Less sponsorship 

Task 7

What days do audiences go to the cinema?
The  most popular days that people go to the cinema on is usually a Saturday or Friday. However Tuesday or Wednesday is also a popular day to go to the cinema as these are the days cinemas have promotions such as 'Meerkat Movies'.

What are the most popular genres?
The most popular genres are mainly comedy, drama or rom com. The genre of film which is watched usually depends on the age and gender of the audience. As the main people who answered my survey were teenage females this shows which genre of film that audience likes to watch.

How do audiences hear about films?
Audiences hear about films through many different ways, however the most popular way is mainly always social media or trailers. Trailers are a very good way for audiences to hear about films as they give an interesting preview and can be watched very easily for example on a television advert or on YouTube.

Do audiences prefer US,UK or other nationality films?
I believe audiences prefer US films mainly as US films usually include big movie stars and have much larger budgets which will all lead to making a very popular film. However some people may prefer UK films as they are very original.

Do audiences like 3D films?
Audiences mainly do not like 3D films. This could possibly be due to having to pay more money than usual to watch a film in 3D at the cinema or because glasses must be worn when watching it.

What other ways do audiences watch films aside from the cinema?
Another way audiences watch films aside from the cinema is Netflix. Netflix allows people to pay a monthly fee to be able to watch all films available. Another way audiences watch films aside from the cinema is online. You are able to download films on for example Apple TV for a certain price and then be able to watch them at home.

Who do audiences go to the cinema with?
My survey results show that most audiences go to the cinema with either one or two other people. It is very rare that audiences will go to the cinema in a large group.

When and where are audiences most likely to go to the cinema?
Audiences are most likely to go to the cinema in their local area. If there is a specific film people want to watch and it is not in their local cinema many people will wait until it comes out on DVD to watch it. However some people will travel to different cinemas to be able to watch a specific film or will even travel to a cinema as the cinema has unique features such as sofas instead of chairs.

Sexuality - notes

Camera - FAM

• Broken the 180 degree rule. This is when the two men are kissing which could represent the two men breaking rules in society.
• Tracking shot 360 degrees when the two main characters are kissing. This shows the intimacy between the two characters.
• Close up when the two main characters are kissing. This shot takes up the frame and is a level shot. This is representing equality between the audience and the men kissing.
• Mid shot of oriental women and Jack holding hands in the party. This represents that stereotypically gay men are mainly friends with women.

Mise en scene - CLAMPS

• All men are wearing army uniforms - this subverts the stereotype that the army are very homophobic.
• During the party scene the men are shown as very well groomed. Conforms to the stereotype that gay men take a lot of pride in their appearance.

Sound - MCDOVED

• Parallel music - When the two main characters start to dance with each other. This shows the attention has moved from the party to the two main characters.
• Diegetic sound - at the beginning of the clip one of the characters says 'Jack needs me' which shows people openly speaking about sexuality.
• No diegetic sound when kissing- shows lots going on in background
• Gun shot - die for love?

Editing - STOPS

• Jack - most screen time
• When dancing - pace slows down
• Mirror shot - male close up = disapproval, female close up = approval
• People fade away
• Length of shot when dancing- very long

Merlin - Representation of class & status

There are many different ways in which class and status is represented in this clip. In the beginning of the clip a shot reverse shot is used when the lady is speaking to Merlin in the castle. During this shot reverse shot the lady has more screen time than Merlin, as the lady appears to have much more money than Merlin and is upper class she has more screen time. This is because as she is in a higher class, she is seen as more important. During the clip when Merlin is using magic there is a close up of his eye to show this.  Also during the clip when Merlin and the knight are taking to each other a mid shot is used and both boys are placed at an angle of the frame. 

Mise en scene is used a lot to show representations of class and status in the clip. Firstly Merlin's clothes are very basic and ragged, however the knights clothing is expensive armour which are both shown when the men are talking just before the fight. This shows a different in class and status between the men as the knight is in a higher class and he is wearing more protective and expensive clothing. Also in the beginning of the clip Merlin is shown to be walking out of a big, fancy building and into a muddy, old street. This shows juxtaposition between where the different classes spend their time. During the clip it is shown that Merlin subverts the lower class stereotype. This is shown during the fight when Merlin starts to take control due to using his magical powers. This is because the lower class are stereotypically poor and weak, however during the fight Merlin is shown to be strong and powerful. A representation of class and status is also shown in the difference between the lady's room in the castle and Merlin's room. The lady's room is shown at the very beginning of the clip and Merlin's room is shown at the very end of the clip. Class and status is represented here as the lady who is shown as upper class and rich as a very expensive looking room filled with many different luxuries compared to Merlin who is shown as poor and lower class and has a very plain and small room with hardly any possessions. 

Sound is also used a lot to show representations of class and status in this clip. A quote from the clip which says 'how long have you been training to be a prat my lord' which is said just before the fight scene also subverts to the lower class stereotype. This is because stereotypically a lower class citizen would never be rude or confront someone of a much higher class which is what Merlin has done with the knight.  Another quote from the clip which says 'If i haven't got magic then what have i got' which is said towards the end of the clip where Merlin is speaking to another male which conforms to the stereotype of the lower class not having anything. 

Editing also shows representations of class and status in this clip. Firstly overall Merlin has the most screen time during this clip. This subverts to the lower class stereotype as because Merlin has the most screen time he is being shown as very important which lower class people are usually not. However during the fight scene Merlin and the knight have the same amount of screen time. This is a representation of status as even though the knight has a very high and royal status and Merlin has a very low status, both of the men are shown as equals during the fight by having an equal amount of screen time. Also during this clip special effects are used when Merlin is using his magic for example when he pulls a rope tightly with only using his eyes. This subverts to the stereotype of the lower class as they would usually not have any power whereas Merlin is able to control things around him by using magic which is shown through special effects. During the fight scene slow motion is used when the knight is breaking things such as stools or food. As the setting for this scene is the area where the lower class citizens live it is their belongings which are being broken by the knights. This shows how as the knight is upper class he does not care about lower class citizens businesses or belongings.

Hotel Babylon - Ethnicity

Camera - Frame, Angle, Movement 

• A tracking shot is used when the officers walk into the lobby. This shows the officers as being powerful as they are marching into the lobby confidently. 
• There is a still shot from behind a gate when the immigrants are running into the storage room where they are hiding. This shows the immigrants as if they were behind bars which represents feeling trapped. 
• A tracking shot is also used in the last scene in the cafeteria. This shot shows juxtaposition from when all of the immigrants were hiding together and were all very close whereas in this scene the immigrants are only shown with others who are the same ethnicity as them. 
• A close up is used for the shot of a locker being closed. This is shown after one of the immigrants has been captured. This represents his life being shut away as he has now been captured and will not be able to return/ re-open the locker. 

Mise en scene 

• The women in charge is dressed in all white clothing which is seen in the scene where the immigrant is being taken away. As the women is wearing all white this shows purity and innocence.
• Black women does not fully pray before eating her meal, this is shown in the final scene in the dining room. This shows to not be conforming to the stereotype that religious people rely on prayer to help with all of there problems.
• All of the people who want to capture the immigrants are all white males. This is shown when the three men walk into the lobby. This represents that all people in power are white males as there are no females or coloured people with them to help find the immigrants.

Sound 

• A quote from this clip 'I wasn't always a cleaner' is used in the scene where all of the immigrants are in the storage room. This quote shows that just because he is an immigrant he is not being able to work in his desired job. 
• Another quote from this clip 'Here to stop people getting out' which was said by one of the immigration officers in the very first scene. This represents that the immigrants are trapped and unable to 'get out' without being caught. 
• There are many different languages being spoken in the scene in the kitchen. This shows a variation in cultures just in that one hotel. 

Editing 

• Oriental women has the most screen time throughout the clip, especially in the storage room where the immigrants are hiding. This shows the power she has and especially over the other immigrants.
• Shot reverse shot is used in this clip when people are talking in the storage room. As there is equal screen time between the people talking this shows equality.

Task 6

Genesis, London
The Genesis cinema shows a variety of films including block busters and independent films. The cinema has been used as a cinema since 1912. The cinema changed hands and names many times till it eventually closed down in 1989. After having been derelict for a decade, current owner Tyrone revived the cinema and gave it its name: Genesis.
The prices at Genesis cinema differ from a multiplex cinema such as Odeon.


Rich Mix, London
Rich Mix is East London's independent arts venue. Rich Mix are a charity and social enterprise.
Rich Mix cinema show a variety of mainstream and independent films. Rich mix also has music/live show events, performances, exhibitions and festivals. There would be a very wide range of target audiences at this cinema as it is shown mainstream and independent films and is not just a cinema. Rich mix was built in 1909.

The Electric, Birmingham 
The Electric cinema opened in 1909 yet has been called a variety of names but was finally named The Electric in 1993. The Electric cinema shows a variety of independent and mainstream films. This means the cinema gets more visitors as they don't just show mainstream films.

Chapter, Cardiff
Chapter opened in 1971beginning as a converted school. Chapter is not just a cinema as there are also art exhibits or theatre productions held there. This means there is a large target audience for Chapter as it is not just a cinema. Chapter mainly shows independent films in its cinema.

Prince Charles, London 

Prince Charles shows a mixture of animated, independent and mainstream films. This means the Prince Charles cinema has a wide target audience due to there being a wide range of films shown to the public. Prince Charles also offers good deals for members which would make more people want to go to the cinema to possibly become a member.

Chelmsford Civic Theatre
As a cinema Chelmsford Civic Theatre mainly show independent films. However as it is a theatre there is also musicals and shows being available to the public. The genre of films being shown at Chelmsford Civic Theatre are mainly documentaries or period dramas. The theatre offers a generic seating style.

Watershed, Bristol 
Watershed opened in 1982. Watershed cinema predominatnly shows indie/independent films.  There are many films shown at this cinema aimed towards families however the main target audience for Watershed would be young adults.

Zeffirellis, Ambleside
Zeffirellis cinema shows mainly mainstream films. This means the main target audience is young adults and also families as there are also many family films shown  in Zeffirellis. Zeffirellis is not just a cinema as there is a live jazz band on a wednesday, friday and saturday. This would increase the amount of visitors as well as there being a cafe, pizzeria and a restaurant inside.

HOME, Manchester 
HOME has a wide variety of films shown including both recent and classic films. HOME is not just a cinema as there are other events and festivals held there. HOME is also different to many other multiplex cinemas like Odeon as there is a restaurant inside.

Rio cinema 
The Rio cinema is different from many other cinemas as it offers stalls and circular tables for booking making it a more friendly cinema that encourages interaction between cinema goers. Rio cinema mainly shows a variety of mainstream and independent films yet the genre is mainly dramas.

Task 5

Task 4

Task 3

The Hunger Games – MockingJay Part 2 (4)

 

Essay Notes

Camera shots, angles, movement and composition -

• Mid shot in the taxi, level and equal showing of the two people
• Close up
• Shot reverse shot
• Two shot MLS
• When the women walks into the hospital the camera goes from a long shot of the women to a close up of the man
• Birds eye shot of the doctors room, into a tilt up of the women crying which shows weakness
• Tracking shot

Mise en scene -

• Wedding rings clearly shown which shows union and equality
• In the beginning the women seems to have all of the power as she knows where they are going, pays for the cab and independently goes into the doctors alone
• Clear location
• Surrounded by white flowers
• He is on top of her - power?
• The women is wearing a very feminine dress with subtle makeup

Sound -

• Non diegetic sounds e.g. cars, heartbeat
• 'Where are we going, why are we here?' a quote from the man which shows the women has the power
• Diegetic dialogue
• Background music- slow
• Music fades into diegetic sound

Editing -

• Slow motion
• Heartbeat sound
• Point of view shot shows male dominance

Task 2

The top 5 grossing films of 2015 are:

1. Star Wars Ep. VII: The Force Awakens - This film was released on 18/12/2015 and was distributed by Walt Disney.

2. Jurassic World - This film was released on 12/06/2015 and was distributed by Universal.

3. The Avengers: Age Of Ultron - This film was released on 01/05/2015 and was distributed by Walt Disney.

4. Inside Out - This film was released on 19/06/2015 and was distributed by Walt Disney.

5. Fast and Furious 7 - This film was released on 03/04/2015 and was distributed by Universal.

1) Star Wars Ep.VII: The Force Awakens - This film was directed, co-produced and co-written by J.J.Abrams. It was released on 18th December 2015 which was a good marketing technique as this was around the time of school holidays so more people would have time to watch it. This was the a sequel as before this film they was six previous Star Wars films. This film was produced by one the of the Big Six which was Disney. This film was very popular as it has been 11 years since the last Star Wars films so many people had been waiting a long time to watch this film.

2) Jurassic World - This film was directed by Colin Trevorrow and produced by Frank Marshall and Patrick Crowley. It was released on May 29th 2015 which was a good marketing technique as there is school holidays around this time so many people would be able to go and watch it. The film was produced by one of the Big Six which was Universal. This film is also a sequel to Jurassic Park which was released on June 9th 1993. As there is a long period of time between these two films many people would be interested to watch Jurassic World as they have waited a long time for the sequel.

3) The Avengers - Age Of Ultron - This film was directed by Joss Whedon and was produced by Kevin Feige. This film was released on 13th April 2015 which is a general release date. This film is also a sequel and is aimed at the younger generation. The production company for this film was Marvel Studios.

4) Inside Out - This film was directed by Pete Docter and Ronnie Del Carmen and was produced by Jonas Rivera. The release date for this film was 18th May 2015. This is a good marketing strategy as because the film is aimed towards the younger generation they are more likely to watch the film if it is released during the school holidays which it was. This film is not a sequel and is the only film which is not a sequel in the top 5 grossing films of 2015.

5) Fast and Furious 7 - This film was directed by James Wan and was produced by Neal H. Moritz, Vin Deisel, Michael Fottrell. This film was released on April 1st 2015. This film was on general release and was extremely popular as it was a sequel to a very popular series.

• Four out of these five films were all released during the time of school holidays. This would mean more people have time to watch the film.
• Only one of these films (Inside Out) is aimed at a younger audience. It would be even more important for this film to be released during the summer holidays as it is targeted towards a younger audience.
• Five out of five of these films were all distributed by one of the Big Six production companies.
• There is not a very wide range of genres in the top five films as four of them are mainly action based. Only one of these films is an animation film targeted towards a younger audience.

The predicted top 5 films of 2015 were:

1. Avengers: Age Of Ultron

2. Star Wars Ep. VII: The Force Awakens

3. Spectre

4. The Hunger Games - Mocking Jay part 2

5. Inside Out

Some of the films which appear on the predicted top 5 films were actually in the top 5 of 2015. This includes Star Wars, The Avengers and Inside Out.

Task 1

https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/NPCTRSM


This is a link to my online survey to find out about their cinema going habits.